29.4 Linux: SOCK_PACKET and PF_PACKET
There are two methods of receiving packets from the datalink layer under Linux. The original method, which is more widely available but less flexible, is to create a socket of type SOCK_PACKET. The newer method, which introduces more filtering and performance features, is to create a socket of family PF_PACKET. To do either, we must have sufficient privileges (similar to creating a raw socket), and the third argument to socket must be a nonzero value specifying the Ethernet frame type. When using PF_PACKET sockets, the second argument to socket can be SOCK_DGRAM, for "cooked" packets with the link-layer header removed, or SOCK_RAW, for the complete link-layer packet. SOCK_PACKET sockets only return the complete link layer packet. For example, to receive all frames from the datalink, we write
fd = socket(PF_PACKET, SOCK_RAW, htons(ETH_P_ALL)); /* newer systems*/
or
fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_PACKET, htons(ETH_P_ALL)); /* older systems*/
This would return frames for all protocols that the datalink receives.
If we wanted only IPv4 frames, the call would be
fd = socket(PF_PACKET, SOCK_RAW, htons(ETH_P_IP)); /* newer systems */
or
fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_PACKET, htons(ETH_P_IP)); /* older systems */
Other constants for the final argument are ETH_P_ARP and ETH_P_IPV6, for example.
Specifying a protocol of ETH_P_xxx tells the datalink which frame types to pass to the socket for the frames the datalink receives. If the datalink supports a promiscuous mode (e.g., an Ethernet), then the device must also be put into a promiscuous mode, if desired. This is done with a PACKET_ADD_MEMBERSHIP socket option, using a packet_mreq structure specifying an interface and an action of PACKET_MR_PROMISC. On older systems, this is done instead by an ioctl of SIOCGIFFLAGS to fetch the flags, setting the IFF_PROMISC flag, and then storing the flags with SIOCSIFFLAGS. Unfortunately, with this method, multiple promiscuous listeners can interfere with each other and a buggy program can leave promiscuous mode on even after it exits.
Some differences are evident when comparing this Linux feature to BPF and DLPI:
The Linux feature provides no kernel buffering and kernel filtering is only available on newer systems (via the SO_ATTACH_FILTER socket option). There is a normal socket receive buffer, but multiple frames cannot be buffered together and passed to the application with a single read. This increases the overhead involved in copying the potentially voluminous amounts of data from the kernel to the application. SOCK_PACKET provides no filtering by device. (PF_PACKET sockets can be linked to a device by calling bind.) If ETH_P_IP is specified in the call to socket, then all IPv4 packets from all devices (Ethernets, PPP links, SLIP links, and the loopback device, for example) are passed to the socket. A generic socket address structure is returned by recvfrom, and the sa_data member contains the device name (e.g., eth0). The application must then discard data from any device in which it is not interested. The problem again is too much data can be returned to the application, which can get in the way when monitoring a high-speed network.
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